GHB, Basic Information

[Woodman]

I'm looking for comprehensive GHB information for
novice, or non GHB users.

Please list any data categorically as follows
providing an easy-to-follow format for other
members.

1.) History and origins of GHB:
-----What it it? ...Sedative
-----Where does it come from?
-----How is it made?

2.) Application:
-----What motivates usage?
-----Legitimate uses: Sleep aide
-----Recreational uses: Relaxation
-----Effects on health: harm vs, benefits
-----Side effects:


3.) Administration:
-----Describe physical characteristics of the drug
(powder, liquid, gas, etc) and methods of
administration.

4.) Dosage:
-----What are "common" dosages?
-----List any contingencies (weight, height, physical
condition, etc) that might be relevant to dosage.

5.) Onset:
-----How long does it take to start feeling the effects?
-----How long can it be expected to last?
-----What are the factors that would retard or
accelerate onset.

6.) Duration:
-----How long can it be expected to last?
-----How does it affect your ability to function?
-----What's the downside like?

7.) Addictive properties:
-----Long term: physical &/or psychological
-----Short term: physical &/or psychological

8.) Additional comments:


Edited by: Woodman

[armatitumor]

1) GHB is a sedative. It is used as a sleep aid as well as
recreationally. It comes from scientific laboratories (I assume). It is
made by combining gamma butyrlactone and lye, or another strong base.

[Woodman]

Thank you.

Need more data.

I will fill in the questions in the topic post as they
come in.

Thanks again.


...Oh, and jjeeff,

Originally Posted by jjeeff

... but hey I love it and can get it*

good for you, but don't even think of trying to deal
here. Even suspected solicitation can get you
banned.Edited by: Woodman

[twintornado]

some information collated from the internet,


The Actions of GHB in the Body

GHB temporarily inhibits the release of dopamine in the brain. This may
cause increased dopamine storage, and later increased dopamine release
when the GHB influence wears off [Chin and Kreutzer, 1992]. This effect
could account for the middle-of-the-night wakings common with use of
higher GHB doses, and the general feelings of increased well-being,
alertness and arousal the next day.

GHB also stimulates pituitary growth hormone (GH) release. One
methodologically rigorous Japanese study reported nine-fold and
sixteen-fold increases in growth hormone 30 and 60 minutes respectively
after intravenous administration of 2.5 grams of GHB in six healthy men
between the ages of twenty-five and forty [Takahara, 1977]. GH levels
were still seven-fold higher at 120 minutes. The mechanism by which GHB
stimulates growth-hormone release is not known. Dopamine activity in
the hypothalamus is known to stimulate pituitary release of growth
hormone, but GHB inhibits dopamine release at the same time that it
stimulates GH release. This suggests that GHB's GH-releasing effect
takes place through an entirely different mechanism [Takahara, 1977].
At the same time GH is being released, prolactin levels also rise.
Serum prolactin levels increase in a similar time-dependent manner as
GH, peaking at five-fold above baseline at 60 minutes [Takahara, 1977].
This effect, unlike the release of GH, is entirely consistent with
GHB's inhibition of dopamine. Other compounds which lessen dopamine
activity in the brain (such as the neuroleptic Thorazine) have been
shown to result in prolactin release. Although prolactin tends to
counteract many of the beneficial effects of GH, the sixteen-fold
increases in GH probably overwhelm the five-fold increases in prolactin.

induces "remarkable hypotonia" (muscle relaxation) [Vickers, 1969].\r\nIt is now gaining popularity in France and Italy as an aid to\r\nchildbirth. GHB causes "spectacular action on the dilation of the\r\ncervix," decreased anxiety, greater intensity and frequency of uterine\r\ncontractions, increased sensitivity to oxytocic drugs (used to induce\r\ncontractions), preservation of reflexes, a lack of respiratory\r\ndepression in the fetus, and protection against fetal cardiac anoxia\r\n(especially in cases where the umbilical cord wraps around the fetus\'\r\nneck) [Vickers, 1969; Laborit, 1964]. GHB is completely metabolized\r\ninto carbon dioxide and water, leaving absolutely no residue of toxic\r\nmetabolites [Vickers, 1969; Laborit, 1972]. Metabolism is so efficient\r\nthat GHB can no longer be detected in urine four to five hours after it\r\nis taken by injection [Laborit, 1964]. GHB activates a metabolic\r\nprocess known as the "pentose pathway" which plays an important role in\r\nthe synthesis of protein within the body [Laborit, 1972]. It also\r\ncauses a "protein sparing" effect [Laborit, 1964] which reduces the\r\nrate at which the body breaks down its own proteins. These properties,\r\nalong with GHB\'s effect on growth hormone, underlie its common use as\r\nan aid to muscle-building and fat loss.
\r\n
\r\nAnesthetic (large) doses of GHB are accompanied by a small increase in\r\nblood sugar levels, and a significant decrease in cholesterol.\r\nRespiration becomes slower and deeper. Blood pressure may rise or fall\r\nslightly, or remain stable, but a moderate bradycardia (slowing of the\r\nheart) is consistent [Vickers, 1969; Laborit, 1964]. A slight drop in\r\nbody temperature also occurs [Laborit, 1964].
\r\n
\r\nGHB also stimulates the release of acetylcholine in the brain [Gallimberti, 1989].
\r\n
\r\nGHB and Sleep
\r\n
\r\nGHB has been called "almost an ideal sleep inducing substance" [SMART\r\nDRUGS II, p245]. Small doses produce relaxation, tranquility and\r\ndrowsiness which make it extremely easy to fall asleep naturally.\r\nHigher doses increase the drowsiness effect and decrease the time it\r\ntakes to fall asleep. A sufficiently large dose of GHB will induce\r\nsudden sleep within five to ten minutes [Laborit, 1964].",1]
);

//-->

GHB induces "remarkable hypotonia" (muscle relaxation) [Vickers, 1969].
It is now gaining popularity in France and Italy as an aid to
childbirth. GHB causes "spectacular action on the dilation of the
cervix," decreased anxiety, greater intensity and frequency of uterine
contractions, increased sensitivity to oxytocic drugs (used to induce
contractions), preservation of reflexes, a lack of respiratory
depression in the fetus, and protection against fetal cardiac anoxia
(especially in cases where the umbilical cord wraps around the fetus'
neck) [Vickers, 1969; Laborit, 1964]. GHB is completely metabolized
into carbon dioxide and water, leaving absolutely no residue of toxic
metabolites [Vickers, 1969; Laborit, 1972]. Metabolism is so efficient
that GHB can no longer be detected in urine four to five hours after it
is taken by injection [Laborit, 1964]. GHB activates a metabolic
process known as the "pentose pathway" which plays an important role in
the synthesis of protein within the body [Laborit, 1972]. It also
causes a "protein sparing" effect [Laborit, 1964] which reduces the
rate at which the body breaks down its own proteins. These properties,
along with GHB's effect on growth hormone, underlie its common use as
an aid to muscle-building and fat loss.

Anesthetic (large) doses of GHB are accompanied by a small increase in
blood sugar levels, and a significant decrease in cholesterol.
Respiration becomes slower and deeper. Blood pressure may rise or fall
slightly, or remain stable, but a moderate bradycardia (slowing of the
heart) is consistent [Vickers, 1969; Laborit, 1964]. A slight drop in
body temperature also occurs [Laborit, 1964].

GHB also stimulates the release of acetylcholine in the brain [Gallimberti, 1989].

GHB and Sleep

GHB has been called "almost an ideal sleep inducing substance" [SMART
DRUGS II, p245]. Small doses produce relaxation, tranquility and
drowsiness which make it extremely easy to fall asleep naturally.
Higher doses increase the drowsiness effect and decrease the time it
takes to fall asleep. A sufficiently large dose of GHB will induce
sudden sleep within five to ten minutes [Laborit, 1964].
&lt;&gt;<!--
D(["mb","
\r\n
\r\nMany other hypnotics interfere with various stages of the sleep cycle\r\nthus preventing the body from achieving a complete and balanced session\r\nof rest and recuperation. The most remarkable facet of GHB-induced\r\nsleep is its physiological resemblance to normal sleep. For instance,\r\nGHB sleep is characterized by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the\r\narteries, as in normal sleep [Vickers, 1969]. During normal and GHB\r\nsleep, the CNS continues to be responsive to &quot;noxious stimuli&quot; (pain\r\nand other irritations), a factor which sets limits on GHB\'s uses in\r\nanesthesia [Vickers, 1969]. GHB facilitates both REM (rapid eye\r\nmovement) sleep, and &quot;slow-wave&quot; (non-REM) sleep, the stage of sleep\r\nfeaturing increased release of growth hormone [Laborit, 1972]. And\r\nunlike the unconsciousness induced by other anesthetics, that triggered\r\nby GHB does not feature a systemic decrease in oxygen consumption\r\n[Laborit, 1964].
\r\n
\r\nThe primary disadvantage to GHB\'s use as a sleep aid is it\'s short-term\r\ninfluence--about three hours. During GHB\'s influence, sleep is deeper\r\nand more restful, but after the GHB has worn off, people have a\r\ntendency to wake up. The higher the dose, the greater is this tendency.\r\nSome have called this pattern the &quot;dawn effect&quot; and have speculated\r\nthat it is related to the release of stored-up dopamine. Some people\r\nminimize this effect by taking minimal doses of GHB. Others take\r\nadvantage of this effect by getting a couple of hours of work done in\r\nthe middle of the night. Still others choose to take a second dose of\r\nGHB to sleep for another three hours. It should be noted that not\r\neveryone can be put to sleep by GHB. We have spoken to three men who\r\nhave never achieved sleep even with the doses normally used for such\r\npurposes. In addition, Takahara [1977] reported that one of the six men\r\nin the growth hormone study cited above remained conscious even though\r\nhe had received two and a half grams of GHB intravenously, a dosage\r\nwhich rendered the rest of the participants unconscious.",1]
);

//-->

Many other hypnotics interfere with various stages of the sleep cycle
thus preventing the body from achieving a complete and balanced session
of rest and recuperation. The most remarkable facet of GHB-induced
sleep is its physiological resemblance to normal sleep. For instance,
GHB sleep is characterized by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the
arteries, as in normal sleep [Vickers, 1969]. During normal and GHB
sleep, the CNS continues to be responsive to "noxious stimuli" (pain
and other irritations), a factor which sets limits on GHB's uses in
anesthesia [Vickers, 1969]. GHB facilitates both REM (rapid eye
movement) sleep, and "slow-wave" (non-REM) sleep, the stage of sleep
featuring increased release of growth hormone [Laborit, 1972]. And
unlike the unconsciousness induced by other anesthetics, that triggered
by GHB does not feature a systemic decrease in oxygen consumption
[Laborit, 1964].

The primary disadvantage to GHB's use as a sleep aid is it's short-term
influence--about three hours. During GHB's influence, sleep is deeper
and more restful, but after the GHB has worn off, people have a
tendency to wake up. The higher the dose, the greater is this tendency.
Some have called this pattern the "dawn effect" and have speculated
that it is related to the release of stored-up dopamine. Some people
minimize this effect by taking minimal doses of GHB. Others take
advantage of this effect by getting a couple of hours of work done in
the middle of the night. Still others choose to take a second dose of
GHB to sleep for another three hours. It should be noted that not
everyone can be put to sleep by GHB. We have spoken to three men who
have never achieved sleep even with the doses normally used for such
purposes. In addition, Takahara [1977] reported that one of the six men
in the growth hormone study cited above remained conscious even though
he had received two and a half grams of GHB intravenously, a dosage
which rendered the rest of the participants unconscious.
&lt;&gt;<!--
D(["mb","
\r\n
\r\nGHB, Alcohol and Alcoholismv
\r\n
\r\nGHB shows great promise in the treatment of alcoholism. In Europe, one\r\nof its primary uses is to relieve withdrawal symptoms, cravings, and\r\nanxiety among alcoholics.
\r\n
\r\nIn laboratory rats addicted to alcohol, withdrawal symptoms closely\r\nresemble those exhibited by humans, including tremors, convulsions, and\r\nhypersensitivity to sound. All of these symptoms were blocked by\r\nsufficiently high doses of GHB [Fadda, 1989]. Administration of GHB has\r\nalso been found to prevent alcohol consumption among rats that\r\nvoluntarily ingest alcohol [Fadda, 1989; Gallimberti, 1989].
\r\n
\r\nIn a rigorous, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted of\r\nhuman alcoholics, &quot;nearly all withdrawal symptoms disappeared within\r\ntwo to seven hours&quot; after administration of GHB. On a\r\nsevere-moderate-mild-or-none scale, withdrawal symptoms remained below\r\nmoderate during the entire period. The only side effect observed was\r\nslight, occasional, and transient dizziness. The researchers concluded,\r\n&quot;the results clearly indicated that GHB is effective for the\r\nsuppression of withdrawal symptoms in alcoholics&quot; [Gallimberti, 1989].
\r\n
\r\nOther Uses of GHB
\r\n
\r\nGHB has a decades long track record of use as a general anesthetic.\r\nAdministered intravenously, an anesthetic dose of GHB is in the range\r\nof 4-5 grams for a 150-pound person [Vickers, 1969]. Its advantages as\r\nan anesthetic include low toxicity, relatively few contraindications,\r\nslowing of the heart rate without loss of blood pressure, the absence\r\nof irritation to the veins with intravenous administration, muscle\r\nrelaxation, absence of respiratory depression (usually), reduction of\r\nbody temperature (hypothermia), and various protective and anti-shock\r\nactions [Laborit, 1964]. However, GHB can almost never be used in\r\nanesthesia without the additional administration of other drugs\r\n[Vickers, 1969] because it does not produce complete surgical\r\nanesthesia except in children [Laborit, 1964]. The autonomic nervous\r\nsystem remains active during GHB-induced anesthetic coma, and thus the\r\nbody continues to respond to surgical stimuli through increases in\r\nheart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output, as well as through\r\nsweating, peripheral vasoconstriction, vocalization, and reflex muscle\r\naction [Vickers, 1969]. Local anesthetics or other drugs which suppress\r\nthese responses must therefore also be used, like the way a dentist or\r\northodontic surgeon might use Novocaine to kill pain along with nitrous\r\noxide to render a patient unconscious. It is suspected that part of\r\nGHB\'s protective function involves a slowing of the metabolism of brain\r\ncells, thus reducing their requirements for oxygen and glucose [Chin\r\nand Kreutzer, 1992; Artru, 1980]. Another factor in GHB\'s anti-shock\r\ncapability may be the marked vasodilation induced in the liver and\r\nkidney, thus increasing blood flow to those vital organs. GHB\'s\r\nefficacy for treating anxiety has been positively demonstrated in tests\r\ninvolving schizophrenic subjects [Laborit, 1964]. Its sedative\r\nproperties have earned it a role as a psychotherapeutic adjunct\r\n[Vickers, 1969]. It has also been used to assist the process of\r\n&quot;abreaction,&quot; or the release (usually through verbalization) of\r\nrepressed emotion [Vickers, 1969]. Unlike other &quot;anxiolytic&quot; (or\r\nanti-anxiety) drugs, GHB\'s effect is non-toxic. Furthermore, GHB\'s\r\nreduction of inhibitions, its tendency to encourage verbalization, and\r\nthe typical lack of fear during the GHB experience would seem to\r\nprovide an ideal context for the verbal exploration of difficult\r\nemotional territory during therapy.",1]
);

//-->


GHB, Alcohol and Alcoholism

GHB shows great promise in the treatment of alcoholism. In Europe, one
of its primary uses is to relieve withdrawal symptoms, cravings, and
anxiety among alcoholics.

In laboratory rats addicted to alcohol, withdrawal symptoms closely
resemble those exhibited by humans, including tremors, convulsions, and
hypersensitivity to sound. All of these symptoms were blocked by
sufficiently high doses of GHB [Fadda, 1989]. Administration of GHB has
also been found to prevent alcohol consumption among rats that
voluntarily ingest alcohol [Fadda, 1989; Gallimberti, 1989].

In a rigorous, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted of
human alcoholics, "nearly all withdrawal symptoms disappeared within
two to seven hours" after administration of GHB. On a
severe-moderate-mild-or-none scale, withdrawal symptoms remained below
moderate during the entire period. The only side effect observed was
slight, occasional, and transient dizziness. The researchers concluded,
"the results clearly indicated that GHB is effective for the
suppression of withdrawal symptoms in alcoholics" [Gallimberti, 1989].

Other Uses of GHB

GHB has a decades long track record of use as a general anesthetic.
Administered intravenously, an anesthetic dose of GHB is in the range
of 4-5 grams for a 150-pound person [Vickers, 1969]. Its advantages as
an anesthetic include low toxicity, relatively few contraindications,
slowing of the heart rate without loss of blood pressure, the absence
of irritation to the veins with intravenous administration, muscle
relaxation, absence of respiratory depression (usually), reduction of
body temperature (hypothermia), and various protective and anti-shock
actions [Laborit, 1964]. However, GHB can almost never be used in
anesthesia without the additional administration of other drugs
[Vickers, 1969] because it does not produce complete surgical
anesthesia except in children [Laborit, 1964]. The autonomic nervous
system remains active during GHB-induced anesthetic coma, and thus the
body continues to respond to surgical stimuli through increases in
heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output, as well as through
sweating, peripheral vasoconstriction, vocalization, and reflex muscle
action [Vickers, 1969]. Local anesthetics or other drugs which suppress
these responses must therefore also be used, like the way a dentist or
orthodontic surgeon might use Novocaine to kill pain along with nitrous
oxide to render a patient unconscious. It is suspected that part of
GHB's protective function involves a slowing of the metabolism of brain
cells, thus reducing their requirements for oxygen and glucose [Chin
and Kreutzer, 1992; Artru, 1980]. Another factor in GHB's anti-shock
capability may be the marked vasodilation induced in the liver and
kidney, thus increasing blood flow to those vital organs. GHB's
efficacy for treating anxiety has been positively demonstrated in tests
involving schizophrenic subjects [Laborit, 1964]. Its sedative
properties have earned it a role as a psychotherapeutic adjunct
[Vickers, 1969]. It has also been used to assist the process of
"abreaction," or the release (usually through verbalization) of
repressed emotion [Vickers, 1969]. Unlike other "anxiolytic" (or
anti-anxiety) drugs, GHB's effect is non-toxic. Furthermore, GHB's
reduction of inhibitions, its tendency to encourage verbalization, and
the typical lack of fear during the GHB experience would seem to
provide an ideal context for the verbal exploration of difficult
emotional territory during therapy.
&lt;&gt;<!--
D(["mb","
\r\n
\r\nGHB and Sex
\r\n
\r\nScientists and doctors have traditionally been reluctant to ascribe\r\naphrodisiac properties to any substance, although this tendency may\r\nhave abated somewhat in recent years. It is a testament, then, to the\r\npower the GHB\'s sexual effects that they were clearly acknowledged in\r\nthe scientific literature by 1972. Dr. Laborit wrote:
\r\n
\r\n***** &quot;A last point should still be mentioned:\r\nthe [GHB] action on Man which could be called \'aphrodisiac.\' We cannot\r\npresent any animal experiments on this subject. However, the oral form\r\nhas now been sufficiently used so that, as generally agreed, no doubt\r\ncan subsist as to its existence.&quot;
\r\n
\r\nWe have identified four main prosexual properties:
\r\n
\r\n***** 1) disinhibition,
\r\n***** 2) heightening of the sense of touch (tactility),
\r\n***** 3) enhancement of male erectile capacity, and
\r\n***** 4) increased intensity of orgasm.
\r\n
\r\nPerhaps the foremost prosexual property of GHB is disinhibition. Some\r\nusers suggest that GHB\'s other sexual benefits are secondary effects,\r\nmade possible (or at least amplified) by this loosening of\r\npsychosomatic constraint. A number of people have commented that this\r\ndisinhibition is particularly marked among women.
\r\n
\r\nWomen often report that GHB makes their orgasms longer and more\r\nintense, as well as more difficult or time-consuming to achieve,\r\nespecially at higher doses. As with its other effects, GHB\'s impact on\r\nfemale orgasm seems highly sensitive to small adjustments in dosage.
\r\n
\r\nLegal Status and Availability
\r\n
\r\nGHB is not approved in the US and has been banned from over-the-counter\r\nsale by the FDA. GHB has not yet been &quot;scheduled&quot; as a &quot;controlled\r\nsubstance&quot; by the DEA, and therefore simple possession is not illegal.\r\n[became U.S. Federal Schedule I in March 2000] GHB continues to be sold\r\nto legitimate laboratories and scientists for research purposes, but\r\nselling it specifically for human consumption, especially while making\r\nclaims about its health benefits, is a violation of current FDA\r\nregulations and policy.",1]
);

//-->


GHB and Sex

Scientists and doctors have traditionally been reluctant to ascribe
aphrodisiac properties to any substance, although this tendency may
have abated somewhat in recent years. It is a testament, then, to the
power the GHB's sexual effects that they were clearly acknowledged in
the scientific literature by 1972. Dr. Laborit wrote:

"A last point should still be mentioned:
the [GHB] action on Man which could be called 'aphrodisiac.' We cannot
present any animal experiments on this subject. However, the oral form
has now been sufficiently used so that, as generally agreed, no doubt
can subsist as to its existence."

We have identified four main prosexual properties:

1) disinhibition,

2) heightening of the sense of touch (tactility),

3) enhancement of male erectile capacity, and

4) increased intensity of orgasm.

Perhaps the foremost prosexual property of GHB is disinhibition. Some
users suggest that GHB's other sexual benefits are secondary effects,
made possible (or at least amplified) by this loosening of
psychosomatic constraint. A number of people have commented that this
disinhibition is particularly marked among women.

Women often report that GHB makes their orgasms longer and more
intense, as well as more difficult or time-consuming to achieve,
especially at higher doses. As with its other effects, GHB's impact on
female orgasm seems highly sensitive to small adjustments in dosage.

Legal Status and Availability

GHB is not approved in the US and has been banned from over-the-counter
sale by the FDA. GHB has not yet been "scheduled" as a "controlled
substance" by the DEA, and therefore simple possession is not illegal.
[became U.S. Federal Schedule I in March 2000] GHB continues to be sold
to legitimate laboratories and scientists for research purposes, but
selling it specifically for human consumption, especially while making
claims about its health benefits, is a violation of current FDA
regulations and policy.
&lt;&gt;<!--
D(["mb","
\r\n
\r\nIn some European countries, GHB is an approved drug available by\r\nprescription. Local doctors, pharmacists and government bureaucrats\r\nshould be able to provide country-by-country specifics.
\r\n
\r\nGHB is growing in popularity and seems to be widely available in the\r\nunderground &quot;gray market.&quot; Since most of the GHB available through such\r\nchannels is of the &quot;bootleg&quot; variety, manufactured by nonprofessional\r\n&quot;kitchen&quot; chemists, concerns about quality and purity should be kept in\r\nmind. Caveat emptor (buyer beware)!
\r\n
\r\nSafety Issues
\r\n
\r\nAs has been emphasized, the overall safety of GHB is well-established,\r\nand no deaths attributable to GHB have been reported over the thirty\r\nyear period that this compound has been in use [Vickers, 1969; Chin and\r\nKreutzer, 1992]. In fact, as of 1990, only forty-six adverse reactions\r\nhad been reported in the United States surely constituting only an\r\ninfinitesimal fraction of actual usage, all followed by rapid and\r\ncomplete recovery [Chin and Kreutzer, 1992]. Unlike a large proportion\r\nof other drugs including alcohol and even Tylenol, GHB has no toxic\r\neffects on the liver, kidney or other organs [Vickers, 1969; Chin and\r\nKreutzer, 1992]. One program of sleep therapy using six to eight grams\r\ndaily for a period of eight to ten days produced no side effects.\r\nVickers [1969] even reports that doses as high as twenty to thirty\r\ngrams per twenty-four hour period have been used for several days\r\nwithout negative consequences (don\'t do this at home kids!). In the\r\nCanadian studies of narcolepsy mentioned earlier, the nightly use of\r\ntwo to six teaspoons (one teaspoon equaling roughly 2.5 grams) for\r\nseveral years resulted in no reports of long-term adverse effects, or\r\nproblems with issues of addiction or dependence. In one of these\r\nstudies, one patient inadvertently ingested fifteen teaspoons without\r\nadverse consequence &quot;other than deep sedation and headache the next\r\nday&quot; [Chin and Kreutzer, 1992]. And in France, sub-anesthetic oral\r\ndoses were used by &quot;a large number of patients for about six years&quot;\r\nwithout untoward effect [Laborit, 1972].",1]
);

//-->

In some European countries, GHB is an approved drug available by
prescription. Local doctors, pharmacists and government bureaucrats
should be able to provide country-by-country specifics.


GHB is growing in popularity and seems to be widely available in the
underground "gray market." Since most of the GHB available through such
channels is of the "bootleg" variety, manufactured by nonprofessional
"kitchen" chemists, concerns about quality and purity should be kept in
mind. Caveat emptor (buyer beware)!

Safety Issues

As has been emphasized, the overall safety of GHB is well-established,
and no deaths attributable to GHB have been reported over the thirty
year period that this compound has been in use [Vickers, 1969; Chin and
Kreutzer, 1992]. In fact, as of 1990, only forty-six adverse reactions
had been reported in the United States surely constituting only an
infinitesimal fraction of actual usage, all followed by rapid and
complete recovery [Chin and Kreutzer, 1992]. Unlike a large proportion
of other drugs including alcohol and even Tylenol, GHB has no toxic
effects on the liver, kidney or other organs [Vickers, 1969; Chin and
Kreutzer, 1992]. One program of sleep therapy using six to eight grams
daily for a period of eight to ten days produced no side effects.
Vickers [1969] even reports that doses as high as twenty to thirty
grams per twenty-four hour period have been used for several days
without negative consequences (don't do this at home kids!). In the
Canadian studies of narcolepsy mentioned earlier, the nightly use of
two to six teaspoons (one teaspoon equaling roughly 2.5 grams) for
several years resulted in no reports of long-term adverse effects, or
problems with issues of addiction or dependence. In one of these
studies, one patient inadvertently ingested fifteen teaspoons without
adverse consequence "other than deep sedation and headache the next
day" [Chin and Kreutzer, 1992]. And in France, sub-anesthetic oral
doses were used by "a large number of patients for about six years"
without untoward effect [Laborit, 1972].
&lt;&gt;<!--
D(["mb","
\r\n
\r\nSide Effects
\r\n
\r\nAccording to Dr. Gallimberti [1989], the action of GHB is &quot;without\r\nserious side effects.&quot; Some research programs have reported no side\r\neffects at all. Nonetheless, it\'s clear that some minor side effects\r\ncan occur. Those most commonly experienced are drowsiness, dizziness,\r\nnausea, and sometimes vomiting. As a sedative-hypnotic, GHB\'s effects\r\nbear some similarity to those of alcohol and tranquilizers. GHB not\r\nonly &quot;may cause drowsiness&quot; like these other drugs, IT WILL ALMOST\r\nINVARIABLY DO SO. Ataxia, or incoordination, can also be a side effect\r\nof GHB. DO NOT DRIVE A VEHICLE OR OPERATE DANGEROUS MACHINERY WHILE\r\nUNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GHB. As mentioned, clonic movements (muscle\r\ncontractions or &quot;seizures&quot have been observed during the onset of\r\nGHB-induced sleep. Headache is sometimes reported. A moderate slowing\r\nof the heart rate is a consistent effect, and small changes in blood\r\npressure can take place. Likewise, orthostatic hypotension (a sudden\r\ndrop in blood pressure caused by standing up quickly) has also been\r\nreported. Sometimes this is experienced as brief dizziness, and rarely\r\npeople can briefly lose consciousness. At very high doses, cardiac and\r\nrespiratory depression can occur. Sufficiently large doses of GHB can\r\ncause sudden sedation and loss of consciousness. Do not take such doses\r\nexcept when reclining on a bed or sofa. It is also a bad idea to take\r\nsuch doses in the presence of people who don\'t know anything about GHB.\r\nYou may alarm your family or friends and wake up in an emergency room\r\n(with a large medical bill). More unusual and extreme reactions have\r\nincluded diarrhea, lack of bladder control, temporary amnesia, and\r\nsleepwalking. Whatever side effects may be noted, they are often much\r\nmore severe when GHB is combined with other central nervous system\r\ndepressants [Chin and Kreutzer, 1992, Gallimberti, 1989; Takahara,\r\n1977; Vickers, 1969].
\r\n
\r\nContraindications
\r\n
\r\nAlthough contraindications for GHB have been described as &quot;remarkably\r\nfew&quot; [Vickers, 1969], those who suffer from any of the following\r\nconditions should not use GHB: severe illness of any kind, epilepsy,\r\neclampsia (convulsions), bradycardia (slowed heart-beat) due to\r\nconduction problems [left-bundle-branch-block is an example of\r\nconduction difficulty], Cushing\'s syndrome, severe cardiovascular\r\ndisease, hyperprolactinemia, and severe hypertension [Gallimberti,\r\n1989; Vickers, 1969]. Severe alcoholism is sometimes mentioned as a\r\ncontraindication for GHB [SMART DRUGS II, p244] even though GHB has\r\nbeen used quite successfully in the treatment of withdrawal symptoms.\r\nThe explanation for this seeming contradiction probably lies in the\r\nlikelihood that severe alcoholics may combine GHB with alcohol. GHB\r\nshould not be used with benzodiazepines (&quot;minor tranquilizers&quot; such as\r\nValium and Xanax), phenothiazines (&quot;major tranquilizers&quot; like Thorazine\r\nand Stellazine), various painkillers (barbiturates and opiates),\r\nalcohol, anticonvulsants (Dilantin and phenobarbital) and even many\r\nover-the-counter allergy and sleep remedies--without direct medical\r\nsupervision.",1]
);

//-->



Side Effects

According to Dr. Gallimberti [1989], the action of GHB is "without
serious side effects." Some research programs have reported no side
effects at all. Nonetheless, it's clear that some minor side effects
can occur. Those most commonly experienced are drowsiness, dizziness,
nausea, and sometimes vomiting. As a sedative-hypnotic, GHB's effects
bear some similarity to those of alcohol and tranquilizers. GHB not
only "may cause drowsiness" like these other drugs, IT WILL ALMOST
INVARIABLY DO SO. Ataxia, or incoordination, can also be a side effect
of GHB. DO NOT DRIVE A VEHICLE OR OPERATE DANGEROUS MACHINERY WHILE
UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GHB. As mentioned, clonic movements (muscle
contractions or "seizures") have been observed during the onset of
GHB-induced sleep. Headache is sometimes reported. A moderate slowing
of the heart rate is a consistent effect, and small changes in blood
pressure can take place. Likewise, orthostatic hypotension (a sudden
drop in blood pressure caused by standing up quickly) has also been
reported. Sometimes this is experienced as brief dizziness, and rarely
people can briefly lose consciousness. At very high doses, cardiac and
respiratory depression can occur. Sufficiently large doses of GHB can
cause sudden sedation and loss of consciousness. Do not take such doses
except when reclining on a bed or sofa. It is also a bad idea to take
such doses in the presence of people who don't know anything about GHB.
You may alarm your family or friends and wake up in an emergency room
(with a large medical bill). More unusual and extreme reactions have
included diarrhea, lack of bladder control, temporary amnesia, and
sleepwalking. Whatever side effects may be noted, they are often much
more severe when GHB is combined with other central nervous system
depressants [Chin and Kreutzer, 1992, Gallimberti, 1989; Takahara,
1977; Vickers, 1969].

Contraindications

Although contraindications for GHB have been described as "remarkably
few" [Vickers, 1969], those who suffer from any of the following
conditions should not use GHB: severe illness of any kind, epilepsy,
eclampsia (convulsions), bradycardia (slowed heart-beat) due to
conduction problems [left-bundle-branch-block is an example of
conduction difficulty], Cushing's syndrome, severe cardiovascular
disease, hyperprolactinemia, and severe hypertension [Gallimberti,
1989; Vickers, 1969]. Severe alcoholism is sometimes mentioned as a
contraindication for GHB [SMART DRUGS II, p244] even though GHB has
been used quite successfully in the treatment of withdrawal symptoms.
The explanation for this seeming contradiction probably lies in the
likelihood that severe alcoholics may combine GHB with alcohol. GHB
should not be used with benzodiazepines ("minor tranquilizers" such as
Valium and Xanax), phenothiazines ("major tranquilizers" like Thorazine
and Stellazine), various painkillers (barbiturates and opiates),
alcohol, anticonvulsants (Dilantin and phenobarbital) and even many
over-the-counter allergy and sleep remedies--without direct medical
supervision.
&lt;&gt;<!--
D(["mb","
\r\n
\r\nDosage
\r\n
\r\nDetermining the ideal dose is probably the trickiest aspect of working\r\nwith GHB. The amount required for a given level of effect will vary\r\nfrom person to person, and the dose-response curve is fairly steep.\r\nOverestimating the dose can have consequences ranging in seriousness\r\nfrom ruining your plans for the evening to waking up in the emergency\r\nward as a result of panic on the part of concerned-but-uninformed\r\nfriends or relatives. Once you have found the levels that give you the\r\neffects you desire, they will remain consistent. Tolerance to GHB does\r\nnot develop. However, recent (not current) alcohol consumption may\r\ndecrease the effect of a given dose of GHB [Fadda, 1989]. Most people\r\nfind that a dose in the range of 0.75-1.5 grams is suitable for\r\nprosexual purposes, and that a quantity in the range of 2.5 grams is\r\nsufficient to force sleep.
\r\n
\r\nSome people think that GHB might lower potassium levels and should\r\ntherefore be taken with potassium supplementation. Some research papers\r\nhave identified such an effect, others have not. If you want to play it\r\nsafe, take a potassium supplement equal to 10% of the GHB dose.
\r\n
\r\nNotes
\r\n
\r\nNote 1: This article is excerpted and adapted from a 40-page special report on GHB written by the authors and available from:
\r\n
\r\n***** Smart Publications
\r\n***** Post Office Box 4667
\r\n***** Petaluma, California, 94955
\r\n
\r\nTo order send a check for $22.95 ($19.95 for the report and $3 for shipping). We do not accept credit cards.
\r\n
\r\n(*) Note 2: This article was originally published in SMART DRUG NEWS\r\n[3(6): p1] and is copyright (c) 1994 by the Cognitive Enhancement\r\nResearch Institute and the authors. For free information about CERI and\r\nSMART DRUG NEWS, telephone (415) 321-CERI or (415) 323-3864 FAX or\r\ne-mail to CERI\'s Executive Director Steven Wm. Fowkes at\r\n<a href=\"mailto:71702.760@compuserve.com\" target=\"_blank\" onclick=\"return top.js.OpenExtLinkwindow,event,this\" target="_blank" target="_blank">71702.760@compuserve.com</a>",1]
);

//-->

Dosage

Determining the ideal dose is probably the trickiest aspect of working
with GHB. The amount required for a given level of effect will vary
from person to person, and the dose-response curve is fairly steep.
Overestimating the dose can have consequences ranging in seriousness
from ruining your plans for the evening to waking up in the emergency
ward as a result of panic on the part of concerned-but-uninformed
friends or relatives. Once you have found the levels that give you the
effects you desire, they will remain consistent. Tolerance to GHB does
not develop. However, recent (not current) alcohol consumption may
decrease the effect of a given dose of GHB [Fadda, 1989]. Most people
find that a dose in the range of 0.75-1.5 grams is suitable for
prosexual purposes, and that a quantity in the range of 2.5 grams is
sufficient to force sleep.

Some people think that GHB might lower potassium levels and should
therefore be taken with potassium supplementation. Some research papers
have identified such an effect, others have not. If you want to play it
safe, take a potassium supplement equal to 10% of the GHB dose.

Notes

Note 1: This article is excerpted and adapted from a 40-page special report on GHB written by the authors and available from:

Smart Publications

Post Office Box 4667

Petaluma, California, 94955

To order send a check for $22.95 ($19.95 for the report and $3 for shipping). We do not accept credit cards.
(*) Note 2: This article was originally published in SMART DRUG NEWS
[3(6): p1] and is copyright (c) 1994 by the Cognitive Enhancement
Research Institute and the authors. For free information about CERI and
SMART DRUG NEWS, telephone (415) 321-CERI or (415) 323-3864 FAX or
e-mail to CERI's Executive Director Steven Wm. Fowkes at
71702.760@compuserve.com
&lt;&gt;<!--
D(["mb",". A small sidebar to this article written by\r\nSteven Wm. Fowkes and entitled &quot;The Demonization of GHB&quot; is also\r\navailable for downloading from this directory.
\r\n
\r\nNote 3: John Morgenthaler and Steven Wm. Fowkes (along with Ward Dean,\r\nM.D.) are coauthors of the book SMART DRUGS II: THE NEXT GENERATION\r\n(Smart Publications, 1993). This book is available from CERI and your\r\nlocal bookstores. It is a supplement to the first smart-drug book SMART\r\nDRUGS & NUTRIENTS, authored by Dr. Ward Dean and John Morgenthaler\r\nin 1990. The two books provide a comprehensive summary of smart drugs.
\r\n
\r\nReferences Cited in this Article
\r\n
\r\nArtru AA, Steen PA and Michenfelder JD. Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate: Cerebral\r\nmetabolic, vascular, and protective effects. J NEUROCHEMISTRY 35(5):\r\n1114-9, November 1980.
\r\n
\r\nChin MY, Kreutzer RA and Dyer JE. Acute poisoning from\r\ngamma-hydroxybutyrate in California. WEST J MED (United States).\r\n156(4): 380-4, April 1992.
\r\n
\r\nFadda F, Colombo G, Mosca E and Gessa GL. Suppression by\r\ngamma-hydroxybutyric acid of ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats.\r\nALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM (Great Britain). 24(5): 447-51, 1989.
\r\n
\r\nGallimberti L, Gentile N, Cibin M, Fadda F, Canton G, Ferri M, Ferrara\r\nSD and Gessa GL. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for treatment of alcohol\r\nwithdrawal syndrome. THE LANCET, 787-9, 30 September 1989.
\r\n
\r\nKleimenova NN, Ostrovskaya RU and Arefolov VA. Effect of sodium\r\nhydroxybutyrate on the ultrastructure of the cross-striated muscle\r\ntissue myocytes during physical exercise. BYULL EKSP BIOL MED 88(9):\r\n358-61, 1979.
\r\n
\r\nLaborit H. Correlations between protein and serotonin synthesis during\r\nvarious activities of the central nervous system (slow and\r\ndesynchronized sleep, learning and memory, sexual activity, morphine\r\ntolerance, aggressiveness, and pharmacological action of sodium\r\ngamma-hydroxybutyrate). RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY\r\nAND PHARMACOLOGY 3(1): January 1972.
\r\n
\r\nLaborit H. Sodium 4-Hydroxybutyrate. INT J NEUROPHARMACOLOGY (Great Britain). 3: 433-52, 1964.",1]
);

//-->. A small sidebar to this article written by
Steven Wm. Fowkes and entitled "The Demonization of GHB" is also
available for downloading from this directory.





Note 3: John Morgenthaler and Steven Wm. Fowkes (along with Ward Dean,
M.D.) are coauthors of the book SMART DRUGS II: THE NEXT GENERATION
(Smart Publications, 1993). This book is available from CERI and your
local bookstores. It is a supplement to the first smart-drug book SMART
DRUGS & NUTRIENTS, authored by Dr. Ward Dean and John Morgenthaler
in 1990. The two books provide a comprehensive summary of smart drugs.

References Cited in this Article

Artru AA, Steen PA and Michenfelder JD. Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate: Cerebral
metabolic, vascular, and protective effects. J NEUROCHEMISTRY 35(5):
1114-9, November 1980.
Chin MY, Kreutzer RA and Dyer JE. Acute poisoning from
gamma-hydroxybutyrate in California. WEST J MED (United States).
156(4): 380-4, April 1992.
Fadda F, Colombo G, Mosca E and Gessa GL. Suppression by
gamma-hydroxybutyric acid of ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats.
ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM (Great Britain). 24(5): 447-51, 1989.
L, Gentile N, Cibin M, Fadda F, Canton G, Ferri M, Ferrara
SD and Gessa GL. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for treatment of alcohol
withdrawal syndrome. THE LANCET, 787-9, 30 September 1989.


Kleimenova NN, Ostrovskaya RU and Arefolov VA. Effect of sodium
hydroxybutyrate on the ultrastructure of the cross-striated muscle
tissue myocytes during physical exercise. BYULL EKSP BIOL MED 88(9):
358-61, 1979.

Laborit H. Correlations between protein and serotonin synthesis during
various activities of the central nervous system (slow and
desynchronized sleep, learning and memory, sexual activity, morphine
tolerance, aggressiveness, and pharmacological action of sodium
gamma-hydroxybutyrate). RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
AND PHARMACOLOGY 3(1): January 1972.


Laborit H. Sodium 4-Hydroxybutyrate. INT J NEUROPHARMACOLOGY (Great Britain). 3: 433-52, 1964.
&lt;&gt;<!--
D(["mb","
\r\n
\r\nOstrovskaya RU, Kleimenova NN, Kamisheva V, Molodavkin GM, Yavorskii AN\r\nand Boikko SS. Effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate on functional\r\nbiochemical and morphological indexes of physical working ability.\r\nFARMAKOL REGUL PROTSESSOV UTOMLENIYA [Moscow, USSR] 39-56: 112-17, 1982.
\r\n
\r\nTakahara J, Yunoki S, Yakushiji W, Yamauchi J, Yamane J and Ofuji T.\r\nStimulatory effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on growth hormone and\r\nprolactin release in humans. J CLIN ENDOCRINAL METAB 44: 1014, 1977.
\r\n
\r\nVickers MD. Gamma-hydroxybutyric Acid. INT ANAESTHESIA CLINIC 7: 75-89, 1969.
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n\r\n",0]
);
D(["ce"]);
D(["ms","212"]
);

//-->

Ostrovskaya RU, Kleimenova NN, Kamisheva V, Molodavkin GM, Yavorskii AN
and Boikko SS. Effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate on functional
biochemical and morphological indexes of physical working ability.
FARMAKOL REGUL PROTSESSOV UTOMLENIYA [Moscow, USSR] 39-56: 112-17, 1982.
Takahara J, Yunoki S, Yakushiji W, Yamauchi J, Yamane J and Ofuji T.
Stimulatory effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on growth hormone and
prolactin release in humans. J CLIN ENDOCRINAL METAB 44: 1014, 1977.
Vickers MD. Gamma-hydroxybutyric Acid. INT ANAESTHESIA CLINIC 7: 75-89, 1969.

Edited by: twintornado

[sg43]

Great info twintornado! That is just about everything one could ask for. Thank you very much!</span>

[psyki]

Except for the several times it mentioned there is no addiction
potential! I don't know how old those reports are but they are
dead wrong in that respect. Addiction and the subsequent
withdrawals from stopping are VERY serious and should not be treated
lightly. 24/7 usage WILL cause a physical dependency, sometimes
in only a few days.

[dotnet]

twistedtornado: Just wondering - what site is that GHB information from? That is very good info and totally legit too. As for the addiction potential, I do not think there is a VERY bad addiction potential and withdrawals from Pure Pharmaceutical GHB Powder which is what I'm obtaining now. Before I was getting Home made Liquid GHB where you could smell the GBL and taste trace amounts of the GBL in the GHB. Whereas with this Pharm Grade GHB Powder I am getting now, I don't notice the side effects that I did with the Liquid GHB, so there is a difference. I've been using about 2-3 times daily for the past 2 weeks while weaning off of Paxil, a little anxiety here and there, but so far so good, and I think the anxiety is coming from the Paxil withdrawal.





Cheers!

[unico_walker]

If by impurities you're worried about using industrial grade sodium hydroxide, just use the baking soda synth since it is completely pure food grade.


There is a giant difference between the addiction potential of GBL and partially converted GHB and totally converted GHB powder. They are almost like different substances. GBL is almost instantly addictive, pure GHB can be addictive with truely excessive use(imagine drinking a liter of vodka a day).

[dotnet]

I agree with unico_walker: The addiction potential between GBL and Pure Powdered GHB is entirely different, and that stupid b*tch trinka is so full of shit when she says they have the same addiction potential and withdrawals, haha that isso bullshit. I speak from personal experience, I know what the withdrawals are like from a ghb/gbl liquid solution. I never experienced ANY withdrawals fromPure Powdered Pharma Grade GHB. Trinka and the ProjectGHB people need to get their shit right and stop posting nonsense.


GBL is physically addictive, while pure GHB is not physically addictive but it can be psychologically.Edited by: dotnet

[unico_walker]

I don't have any studies to cite, just my own experience and what I
have read of others that jives with mine. There is also the interesting
tidbit that in '92 when GHB powder was banned by the FDA I can't find
one account of withdrawl. When GBL was banned from sale in 2000 people
with hellish withdrawls came out of the woodwork!



GBL does give a more intense intoxication, GHB is much more of a "light" feeling but its far superior with no rebound IMHO.



Also everytime I have dosed GBL I have a low headache/sensation of pressure, that isn't there with GHB.


Edited by: unico_walker

[dotnet]

Like unico said, when GHB was banned by the FDA - you didn't hear of any withdrawals. But as soon as GBL got pulled, BAM - a listeing of people having similar DT's to Alcohol withdrawal from GBL. And Mad Scientist - no GBL is not dehydrated GHB, GBL is a toxic solvent that convertsto GHB in the body, but during the conversion process, vitamins, minerals, and alkaline levels can become severely depleted. GBL also causes a much faster onset and a much harder intoxication feeling than GHB. I will lookup, I have a bunch of sh*tload of stuff bookmarked. Give me a few hours and I will pull upa couple of sites for you. Anyway, the only way to tell if GHB is pure is IF its in powdered form. GBL can NOT exist as a solid. I only stick to the powdered GHB form now, and I have not had a problem with withdrawal or dopamine rebound since sticking with the pure powder. I HAVE had a problem with withdrawals only witha Liquid GHB/GBL mixture I used to acquire. I think mostpeople suffering GHB withdrawal are actually thinking they are getting GHB but infact are taking GBL/BDO or a GHB solution with unreacted GBL in it like I mentioned earlier.


Cheers

[Aesthir]

IMO, GHB and GBL are great when mixing with stimulants. The addiciton potential is much greater as it increases the effect of the stimulant (probably by counteractingeachother so you can take more of both drugs).


However, it is SAFER to take GHB/GBL (G from not on) with stimulants than just taking stimulants by themselves. This is likely mainly due to the inhibition of dopamine release, which would increase aging and cause many of the other side effects of stimulants.


Also, since the anti-anxiety effects of G are so powerful, they even overpower the 'need for more', or jonesing effect of stimulants. Therefore, people generally take less stimulant, which is also good.


Normally, people mix alcohol with stimulants to provide these effects, but alcohol is quite weak in the anti-anxiety that you need so much, increasing the hang-over.


Aside from all this, the stimulant/depressant mix seems to increase the pleasant effects of both drugs. So if one is already addicted to a stimulant, taking Gis probably not so good as these people will likely get addicted to both.


If anyone has more information on GBL's conversion to GHB in the bloodstream (I believe it is non-enzymatic), please post. I have never heard of: "during the conversion process, vitamins, minerals, and alkaline levels can become severely depleted" that dotnet posted.


I am seriously addicted to GBL of 5 years now and fight my addiction by having none around. There are serious adverse effects that have not been mentioned, mostly causedby abusing the substance:


1) Since Gincreased sexual appetite dramatically, discontinuing use causes an uninterest in sex for quite some time (probably up to a week).


2) Since G increases appetite also dramatically, discontinuing use leads to a general uninterest to eat. This can be dangerous as it lastsfor a few days. I've gone without food during 'detox' for an entire day before without even thinking about it. Trying to force eating sucks ass because food tastes gross, you don't salivate (so you need to wash it down or drink your food, say as a shake), and you feel full only after a few bites. One of my G-tard friends actually got scurvy from not eating anything for a week, attempting to detoxoff of GBL.


3) Since G helps you sleep (or knocks you out), G withdrawl is accompanied with horrible insomnia, lasting days, 5-6 more me before I sleep normally again. Relying on anything to sleep should do this though.


4) Since G use makes other recreational drugs more fun, using G leadstoan increased potential to get high on other stuff. It seems to mix great with almost anyhting, including alcohol (as you require less of each drug, making for a non-existent hangover with the same, if not better quality of drunkenness). It mixes great with any stimulant as it decreases hypertension (and is safer and more funthan just doing the stimulant by itself). The only drug it doesn't seem to mix well with that I can think of is opiates, as it seems to make nausea more frequent/potent in people with weak stomachs. Those with iron-stomach's though, it's a great (but potentially dangerous) mix if you dose accordingly because, like alcohol, you need less of each.


5) Since G acts like an antidepressant, in the way that you are happier while on it, withdrawl causes depression, or boredom, which can easily lead to a recurrance of G abuse.

[WrtngCocaineTutorial]

has anyone died from an overdose?