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07-06-2008, 23:09
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Magic Mushrooms - Wiki Entry (Under Construction)
PLEASE NOTE: This is the old, original draft version of the Magic Mushrooms article. The current version is now available on Drugs-Wiki.
[top]Magic mushroomsMagic mushrooms are hallucinogenic fungi primarily of the genus Psilocybe. There are five primary substances found in these mushrooms which make them famous for their effects on the mind, including euphoria, lethargy, increased appreciation of music and colour, amplified emotions and visual and aural distortion. These substances are tryptamines, related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. The mushrooms dealt with here are distinct from those of the Amanita genus, whose psychoactive constituents are muscimol and ibotenic acid. Psilocybin O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine C12H17N2O4P Psilocin 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine C12H16N2O Baeocystin 4-phosphoryloxy-N-methyl-tryptamine C11H15N2O4P Norbaeocystin 4-phosphoryloxy-tryptamine C10H13N2O4P Aeruginascin N,N,N-trimethyl-4-phosphoryloxy-tryptamine C13H20N2O4P [top]About magic mushrooms[top]Pharmacology[17]Psilocybin is usually referred to as being the main psychoactive compund in magic mushrooms, even though it does not produce psychedelic effects and is merely dephosphorylated into psilocin when consumed. This makes psilocybin a prodrug. Psilocin is responsible for most psychoactive effects in the majority of psychoactive mushroom species. It acts by interaction with neurotransmitter receptors on nerve cells in the brain where it mimicks the action of serotonin (5-HT). Specifically, psilocin is a post-synaptic 5-HT2A receptor agonist. Baeocystin is a demethylated derivative of psilocybin, first isolated from the species Psilocybe baeocystis. Norbaeocystin, along with baeocystin, is a minor psychoactive found in magic mushrooms. Aeruginascin is a indoleamine derivative which occurs naturally only within the mushroom Inocybe aeruginascens. It is the N-trimethyl analogue of psilocybin. It is closely related to the frog skin toxin bufotenine (5-HTQ), a potent 5-HT3 receptor agonist, and has been found exclusively in Inocybe aeruginascens so far. [1][2][3] Go to the pharmacology forum. [top]History[4][5][6][7]Magic mushrooms have been used for thousands of years by humans. Ancient paintings dating back to 5000 BC and relating to mushrooms have been found in Algeria. As early as 1000 - 500 BC, Central and South American peoples were carving stone mushrooms or statues depicting figures under the caps of mushrooms. The Mesoamerican culture of the Mixtec worshipped multiple deities and gods, one of whom, Piltzintecuhtli, was the god of natural hallucinogens including mushrooms. The Aztec people had their own god of hallucinogenic plants, Xochipilli. Teonanácatl, or 'wondrous mushroom', was used at holy ceremonies along with other substances such as salvia divinorum (salvinorin A), morning glory seeds (lysergic acid amide) and Peyote (mescaline). European conquest of Central America at the hands of Hernándo Cortés led to the prohibition of non-alcoholic psychoactives and the use of psilocybin mushrooms became an underground activity. At present, hallucinogenic mushroom use has been reported among a number of groups spanning from central Mexico to Oaxaca, including groups of Nahua, Mixtecs, Mixe, Mazatecs, Zapotecs, and others. There has not, however, been any confirmed observations of hallucinogenic mushroom use among the Maya peoples, either in the pre-Columbian or post-Contact eras. The first mentioning of hallucinogenic mushrooms in the Western medicinal literature appeared in the London Medical and Physical Journal in 1799: a man had served Psilocybe semilanceata mushrooms that he had picked for breakfast in London's Green Park to his family. The doctor who treated them later described how the youngest child "was attacked with fits of immoderate laughter, nor could the threats of his father or mother refrain him." In 1955, Valentina and R. Gordon Wasson became the first Westerners to actively participate in an indigenous mushroom ceremony. The Wassons did much to publicize their discovery, even publishing an article on their experiences in Life in 1957. In 1956, Roger Heim identified the hallucinogenic mushroom that the Wassons had brought back from Mexico as Psilocybe and in 1958, Dr. Albert Hofmann became the first person to isolate psilocybin and psilocybin. Hofmann was also responsible for the discovery and first ever synthesis of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Inspired by the Wassons' Life in 1960, he and article, Timothy Leary traveled to Mexico to experience hallucinogenic mushrooms firsthand. Upon returning to Harvard, Richard Alpert started the Harvard Psilocybin Project, promoting psychological and religious study of psilocybin and other hallucinogenic drugs. After Leary and Alpert were dismissed by Harvard in 1963, they turned their attention toward evangelizing the psychedelic experience to the nascent hippie counterculture. The popularization of entheogens by Wasson, Leary, and others has led to an explosion in the use of hallucinogenic Psilocybe throughout the world. By the early 1970s, a number of psychoactive Psilocybe species were described from temperate North America, Europe, and Asia and were widely collected. Books describing methods of cultivating Psilocybe cubensis in large quantities were also published, as well as hundreds of articles and tutorials distributed on the Internet. The relatively easy availability of hallucinogenic mushrooms from wild and cultivated sources has made it among the most widely used of the hallucinogenic drugs. [top]List of magic mushroomsAgrocybe
[top]Popular speciesPanaeolus cyanescens aka Copelandia cyanescens Potent. Most popular psilocybin mushroom not of the genus Psilocybe. Contains psilocybin, serotonin and urea. Commonly cultivated indoors. Native to tropical and neotropical climates.  Psilocybe azurescens Considered by some to be the most potent psilocybin mushroom in the world. Cultivated both indoors and outdoors. Native to moderate climates.  Psilocybe cubensis "cubes" Medium potency. Most commonly cultivated psychedelic mushroom. Native to warm, humid climates.  Psilocybe semilanceata "liberty caps" High potency. Not cultivated indoors. Native to moderate climates.  [top]Defining features of magic mushroomsWhen a mushroom tests positive for all of these characteristics, it may be a magic mushroom.
[top]Dosing[top]Oral consumptionMagic mushrooms can be consumed as is, be it dry or fresh, by simply chewing and swallowing like any other food. The longer they are chewed on, the better the absorption through the linings of the mouth and stomach. An effective method is to let them sit in tea for approximately fifteen minutes after which the tea is drunk and the mushroom residue is eaten. Note that the mushrooms are not added to boiling water, but to the tea itself, as heat destroys many of the tryptamines. There are many different ways to consume magic mushrooms.  Dried psilocybe cubensis. Mushrooms can be eaten raw, put into food, made into a tea, and so on. However, heat destroys tryptamines including psilocybin and psilocin so a tea or hot food may decrease the potency. Dried magic mushrooms are easier/safer to dose. In the process of drying, some psilocin, psilocybin and other psychedelic tryptamines are lost if heat is used. A good way of illustrating this is that you need (depending on what strain) 12 to 15 kg fresh magic mushrooms to get 1 kg dry magic mushrooms. In the case of Psilocybe cubensis you will need around 13 -14 kg fresh magic mushrooms for 1 kg dry. But the dry magic mushrooms are only 12 times stronger (if you dry it well and without heat), not 13-14 times. This is why fresh magic mushrooms are stronger per mushroom and dry is stronger per gram. Dry mushrooms are easier in dosage as a fresh mushrooms contains a variable amount of water between 85 and 93 percent, so somewhere between 7 and 15 percent of a fresh mushroom when you don't count water. Although rare, this means one fresh mushroom can be more than twice as potent as the next. Magic mushrooms are not known for their taste. In fact, most seem to hold them as being somewhat disgusting, if not nauseating. However this can be masked without much effort. The simplest method of avoiding this is to consume them with something that tastes pleasant, such as chocolate, or mixed into fruit juice or a milkshake. Alternatively, they can be ground up and put into empty capsules or gelcaps and swallowed. There are several Drugs Forum threads which deal with this topic. Magic Mushroom Recipes Cooking With Shrooms Oral dosage Source: Drugs-Forum
*Note: Psilocybe tampanensis truffles in dry state are to hard to consume and can damage teeth. Users generally soak these truffles in tea for fifteen minutes before consumption. [top]SmokingAnecdotal evidence suggests that smoking magic mushrooms does not work. The intense heat required to combust dried material would quickly destroy the psychoactive tryptamines. Some report a mild trippy effect when mixed with cannabis, but this may be just a placebo effect and nothing near the effect obtained through oral ingestion. In addition, the smoke is reported to taste disgusting.[top]InsufflationInsufflating grams of dried mushrooms is probably not a good idea. While is it possible that some active compounds would be absorbed into your bloodstream, pain and the possibility of choking are realistic dangers.[top]Consumption of pure psilocybinFollowing an extraction, psilocybin can be consumed in a relatively pure form through oral ingestion, insufflation et cetera. Source: Erowid
[top]Effects of magic mushroomsSource: Erowid
Effects will last roughly same length of time independent of dosage, which affects intensity. Note that positive and neutral effects are much more common than negative ones. POSITIVE
(from 0.25 grams - 0.75 grams dried Psilocybe cubensis) Slight cold feeling, mild gas or nausea, nervous-feeling, slight pupil-dilation, mild visual changes including lights seeming brighter, lights having a 'starry' look, and noticing movement at the periphery of vision, giddiness, feeling more emotionally sensitive, feelings of happiness and many other effects related to a change in neurochemistry. Medium Effects (0.75 grams - 2.5 grams dried Psilocybe cubensis) 'Cold' feeling, gas and/or stomach discomfort, nausea, pupil-dilation, open-eye visual effects: lights gain auras, star-pattern effects, rainbowing around lighting, lights seem brighter, often 'more beautiful', notice movement in periphery, sometimes increased ability to focus, sometimes reduced ability to focus, visual field 'distracting', visual field 'entertaining', closed eye 'visuals': normal closed eye 'blobs' take on patterns, shapes, distinct forms, increased ability to visualize creatively, spontaneous detailed images, feelings of time-dilation, feelings of `coming home again' which is often more pronounced for those who have used mushrooms before, feelings of belonging and connection, increased emotional sensitivity, increased ability to focus on emotional problems or memories, chance of becoming 'caught in a loop' thinking / dwelling on a single thought or feeling (usually negative or painful), realizations about past feelings, realizations about how to live, gain a new perspective on current lifestyle and behaviors, feelings of connection with those around you, noticing things which are normally ignored or taken for granted, feelings of wonder, spirit, joy, sadness, despair, religious awakening, contentment, complete happiness. Can possibly trigger latent psychological conditions. High Dose Effects (2.5 grams - 10 grams dried Psilocybe cubensis) All of the Medium Effects, usually with a significantly more uncomfortable coming up, more pronounced nausea sometimes (rarely) resulting in vomiting, sometimes significant mental discomfort associated with feelings of fear and often times accompanying a "what have I done to myself" or "how far am I going" thought, the unpleasant coming up effects usually lessen with familiarity and more knowledge about the safety and character of mushroom effects. High dose effects are usually characterized by the closed eye visualizations being significantly more elaborate and enfolding, religious revelation, spiritual awakening, near death experiences, loss of self, talking to seemingly external, autonomous entities, extreme emotional responses, repressed memories coming to life, latent psychological crises can come to the surface, an increase in artistic sense, and intense feelings of wonder, connection, joy, fear. High dose effects can also include extreme time-dilation, with experiences of wall-clock minutes taking an experientially large amount of time, watching clocks or digital counters where the seconds seem to take minutes to count off. One of the most interesting effects is the feeling of awakening for the first time ever from a previous state of sleep, of liberation from what is now seen as a life-long state of bondage. Paradoxically, it is this new awareness which feels normal and natural and the previous fog which is seen to have been unreal all along. The bemushroomed seeker is convinced that, once gained, this awareness is impossible to lose, but inexplicably by the next day it is just a memory. [top]Combinations with magic mushroomsalcohol Deadens the effects of tripping; increase in nausea; can easily provoke risky and dangerous behaviour. Alcohol was involved in the incidents which led to the prohibition of mushrooms in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Generally not recommended. amphetamines Increased weirdness; energising; paranoia usually increased; comedown can be rocky. benzodiazepines Can be used to relieve anxiety and arrest panic attacks during a bad trip, but can also dull positive experiences. cannabis Heightens peak of trip, intensifies visuals, can ease comedown and bring back effects. Paranoia-inducing effects of cannabis can induce bad trips. cocaine Probably no physical dangers, similar to amphetamines. Increased heart rate could induce a bad trip if the user thinks they'll have a heart attack or stroke from the tachycardia and increased blood pressure. ketamine No reported problems. Users report simultaneous mushroom and ketamine effects. d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) LSD activates the 5-HT2A receptor and is cross tolerant with psilocin. Like with mescaline, some report trips unlike either substances individually and intense, unique experiences. mescaline Mescaline acts on the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor and is cross-tolerant with psilocin. Some have reported this combination to be enjoyable, with the gentleless of the mescaline experience negating any anxiety-inducing effects of mushrooms and more obvious visuals. methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) No dangers if MDMA's safety limits are adhered to. May reduce chance of a bad trip due to MDMA's tendency to induce happiness and euphoria. [top]Therapeutic and beneficial uses for magic mushroomsCluster headaches [12] Cluster headache is a neurological condition which prominently features excruciatingly painful headaches occuring in "cycles" followed by periods of remission. Attacks last anywhere from fifteen minutes to three hours and can happen multiple times daily - the pain is often debilitating or crippling. Psilocybin and other substances such as LSD are the subject of much anecdotal evidence suggesting that they can help cluster headache sufferers by aborting a headache cycle and increasing remission period length. Treatment of depression [22] There is also evidence that psilocybin and other hallucinogens like LSD, salvinorin A and so on can be useful in therapy for those suffering from depression by improving mood and a person's overall outlook on life. Treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder [23] Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms are found to be eased by administration of magic mushrooms. Spiritual Over thousands of years, people have used magic mushrooms in religious and spiritual ceremonies. They can create profound experiences of understanding and the feeling of becoming one with the universe at high doses, which can lead to life-changing epiphanies. [top]The dangers of magic mushroomsMagic mushrooms are remarkably safe. They present no physical dangers but there is a degree of psychological risk which can be minimised through proper preparation of oneself. It must be noted, however, that they are not for recreational use and must be respected. Addiction and dependence The active compounds in mushrooms, like most hallucinogens, are not addictive. Tolerance builds rapidly and users must wait at least seven days between doses to experience the full effect, which deters regular use. Psilocin is cross-tolerant with other hallucinogens such as LSD, mescaline and 2C-B, although when taken simultaneously they may produce synergistic effects. Cessation of regular use will not produce withdrawal symptoms. Lethal overdose The therapeutic index of psilocybin is 641. [19] This is the ratio between the LD50 (lethal dose in 50% of subjects) and the ED50 (effective or therapeutic dose in 50% of subjects), meaning that the LD50 is 641 times higher than the ED50. Deaths caused by acute poisoning by magic mushrooms have not been reported in medical literature. The intravenous LD50 of psilocybin in rats is 260mg/kg [20] [21] (milligrams per kilogram body weight). While this does not translate directly to humans and the lethal dose of psilocybin in humans is not known (also, humans will typically ingest mushrooms orally instead of intravenously injecting psilocybin), this indicates that psilocybin is of a very low toxicity and that a lethal overdose of magic mushrooms is virtually impossible. Bad trip [28] The infamous "bad trip" is simply an experience with a hallucinogen that the person perceives to be unpleasant or negative. They are commonly characterised as being terrifying and horrific in nature, however a bad trip can be as simple as the one having the experience feeling down or sad. Bad trips are entirely subjective - one person may find the patterns on a carpet morphing into one another to be hilarious whereas someone else may find it frightening. Susceptibility to a negative experience depends entirely on the personality and frame of mind of the one having the experience. Bad trips can sometimes be traumatising and on occasion can cause hidden mental disorders to emerge in those who were already susceptible. Common results of a bad trip include paranoia, fear, panic attacks, depression and inability to sleep following the experience. The risk of a bad trip can be reduced by having the correct set and setting. Some have theorised that bad trips are internal conflicts within the user's psyche which emerge, forcing the person to deal with the problem and to engage in a self-healing process. It must be noted, however, that bad trips are not necessarily confined to use of hallucinogens - substances such as alcohol are also known to cause profoundly negative psychological experiences with people. Methods of making a trip pleasant again or easing the negative effects include reassuring the tripper that they are safe, that the effects will soon wear off, changing the environment to something soothing and sedation through the use of benzodiazepines such as lorazepam. Psychological damage Psychological damage is the most significant danger from ingesting magic mushrooms. Hallucinogens in general can occasionally trigger latent and underlying mental disorders such as psychosis. As such, they should only be taken if the user is mentally healthy (no history of schizophrenia or psychosis) and in a safe environment. If these precautions are taken, the risk is minimised, but still significant. (See: indirect deaths). Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) [29] [30] HPPD, also known as "flashbacks", is visual distortions reminiscent of a psychedelic experience, such as "trails", colours and lights appearing more radiant and so on. Prevalence of HPPD among psychedelic users is unknown, but can be estimated to be around 4%. Accidental poisoning While hunting for mushrooms in the wild, great care must be taken to not confuse poisonous mushrooms for psychoactive ones. Accidental poisonings by inexperienced foragers are common and some mushroom poisonings can cause a slow, agonising death. Hypholoma fasciculare or Sulphur Tuft is a common poisonous mushroom which grows abundantly in temperate woodland regions such as northern Europe and North America. It is yellow-brown, has a brown spore print and grows on dead organic matter like many Psilocybe species. Poisoning can result in diarrhoea, vomiting and seizures. [16] [top]Indirect deaths from magic mushroomsThere have been several deaths reported following consumption of magic mushrooms. The link between mushrooms and some of these deaths has been hotly contested. United Kingdom Brian McCracken, 31, leapt through a window in his flat to his death in 2005 after consuming magic mushrooms and allegedly becoming panicky. [24] Ireland Colm Hodkinson's death resulted in the immediate prohibition of psilocybin mushrooms in Ireland in 2006, which were previously available for sale in their raw, unprocessed form. [25] This followed the UK's 2005 ban. Colm jumped from a balcony in Dún Laoghaire after consuming three mushrooms. He was reported to have been consuming alcohol and cannabis also. Go to the related thread. The Netherlands Calls for a re-evaluation of the law on psilocybin mushrooms grew after Gaelle Caroff, a seventeen-year-old French girl who had previously been suffering psychological problems, jumped from a building after eating magic mushrooms during a school trip to Amsterdam. The Dutch parliament subsequently voted to ban fresh magic mushrooms. Dried mushrooms were previously illegal. [26][27] Go to the related thread. An eighteen-year-old man jumped from a window on August 1st 2008 after misuse of magic mushrooms. He was badly injured and later died as a result in hospital. Go to the related thread. [top]Growing magic mushroomsMushrooms are typically cultivated in a controlled, sterile environment on a nutritious substrate. There are many methods for this, all of which can be found online. Psilocybe Fanaticus Tek Synopsis Step 1: Mix water, vermiculite, brown rice flour in a bowl. Step 2: Fill jars with mixture. Step 3: Pressure cook jars to sterilise them. Step 4: Inject spores into jars in a sterile environment. Step 5: Wait three weeks then place colonised cakes into terrarium. Step 6: Maintain >95% humidity and fresh air exchange in terrarium. Step 7: Harvest fruits when veil has torn. Grain Tek Using grain is preferred for casing and higher yields. Wild Bird Seed Tek Rye grain is not available to everyone, but any decent pet shop should stock wild bird seed. In Vitro Tek In vitro growing is useful for those who cannot use a terrarium. [top]Sterility and ContaminantsIt is important to remember that no matter which technique is used for growing, sterility is always of the utmost importance. Substrates should be sterilised in a pressure cooker prior to inoculation and sterile technique (such as the use of disinfectant and sterile surgical gloves) adhered to at all times. There are billions of microscopic organisms in the air, on surfaces and on skin and hair that will do their best to consume the mushroom's substrate and the mycelium itself. Mould is the biggest problem for mushroom cultivators. While mushroom mycelium is a form of mould, the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Trichoderma are particularly problematic as their spores are ubiquitous and they are extremely aggressive. Not only that, but many of their species produce mycotoxins and are harmful to health. Many moulds have a distinctive smell which can indicate contamination. Any form of discolouration should be suspect, particularly fuzzy green, blue and red colours. However, mycelium and mushrooms may bruise green-blue when damaged or exposed to air due to the oxidation of psilocin, so it is important to differentiate between mould and bruising. If rubbed, bruising will not come off, but mould will. This is because the distinctive colour of the mould is actually its spores, which are easily removable. Cobweb mould is a nuisance particularly for growing methods which use casing. This organism is grey-white and strandy, somewhat resembling a spider's web, but it can be easily confused for mushroom mycelium by the untrained eye. It grows extremely quickly and can consume an entire substrate in a matter of days. Green mould contamination in PF Tek jar. Mould-contaminated substrates can occasionally be saved if the contaminant has not spread beyond a small spot, but if one wishes to avoid potentially contaminating other substrates or toxic exposure, it is wise to dispose of them immediately. Bacteria can overwhelm an improperly sterilised substrate, creating a bacterial colony which will destroy mycelium, produce toxins and smell absolutely disgusting. Substrates which are contaminated with bacteria should be disposed of. Bacterial contamination in wild bird seed jar. The contamination itself is invisible, however eminating from the jar is a putrid aroma not unlike sweaty feet (as a result of the bacteria) and no mycelium has managed to grow. [top]StorageFreshly harvested mushrooms can be kept in a fridge - the optimal storage temperature is 2 to 4 degrees celsius. As a rule of thumb, a week is the maximum length of time one should wait before consumption or throwing them out. Any longer and they will probably turn dark and slimy, a sign of rot. Under no circumstances should rotting mushrooms be consumed. Mushrooms can be dried and stored for prolonged periods of time: months to years if done properly. Once completely dried, they should be placed in an airtight container in a cool, dark place, such as a fridge or freezer. Mushrooms are completely dry if they are not moist inside and snap when bent or crumble in your hands. Improperly dried mushrooms may lose potency or rot over time. Air drying This method is simple. If one lives in a climate which is not humid (such as in a temperate zone), simply lie the mushrooms out on a table away from heat and direct sunlight. A fan can be used to gently blow cool air over them. After a few days to a week, they should be dry. Food dehydrator Dehydrators are used for drying out food, including edible mushrooms, for storage. Simply follow the instructions provided with your the dehydrator and keep it on the lowest heat setting (or no heat if possible). Cool desiccation Place the mushrooms on a screen above a layer of desiccant inside an airtight container. The desiccant should suck the moisture out of the air and the mushrooms, leaving them dry. Desiccation can be used to finish off drying by other methods. For more, see this thread or this thread. [top]SynthesisSynthesising the psychoactive constituents of magic mushrooms is possible, although very rare, time-consuming and only to be attempted by a skilled and experienced chemist. One such synthesis can be seen below. [18] Quote:
[top]Legal status of psilocybin, psilocin and magic mushrooms[14][15][top]International lawPsilocybin and psilocin are Schedule I drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. This means they are illicit, are said to have no therapeutic benefit and are available only for tightly controlled medical and scientific use. However, mushrooms themselves are not controlled by the United Nations, only domestic law. [top]Domestic lawAustralia Cultivation Counts as manufacture of illegal drugs. Possession & Sale Illegal under the Criminal Code Act of 1995 (CCA). Austria Cultivation Illegal if for the purpose of extracting a narcotic substance Possession & Sale Not legally controlled, but the judge may choose to convict for “attempt to commit a drug offence” depending on the motive. Belgium Cultivation Specifically prohibited by the criminal law of 24 February 1921 Possession Specifically prohibited by the Royal Decree of 22/1/1998 Sale Specifically prohibited (as is offer for sale) by the Royal Decree of 22/1/1998 Brazil Cultivation Psilocybin and psilocin are controlled substances but mushrooms are not illegal. Possession Psilocybin and psilocin are controlled substances but mushrooms are not illegal. Sale Unknown. Czech Republic Cultivation ‘Mushrooms’ as such not controlled, might be treated as psilocybin/psilocin (prohibited by the Penal Code, s. 187) Possession Might be treated as psilocybin/psilocin (prohibited by the Penal Code – possession in the quantity ‘greater than small’, s. 187a) Sale Specifically prohibited by s.15 of the Act on Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances (No. 167/1998 Coll.), but no penalty. May be treated as psilocybin/psilocin, or “promotion of drug use” (any addictive substance other than alcohol) Cyprus Cultivation Prohibited by Law 29/77 which prohibits the cultivation of any plant or product from which such substances (class A controlled substances) may be extracted. Possession Treated as psilocin and psilocybin-prohibited by Law 29/77 Sale Treated as psilocin and psilocybin-prohibited by Law 29/77 Denmark Cultivation Specifically prohibited by Executive Order 698 of 1993 Possession Specifically prohibited by Executive Order 698 of 1993 Sale Specifically prohibited by Executive Order 698 of 1993 Germany Cultivation Illegal if for the purpose of intoxication Possession Illegal if for the purpose of intoxication Sale Illegal if for the purpose of intoxication Estonia Cultivation Specifically prohibited by the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act Possession Specifically prohibited by the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act Sale Specifically prohibited by the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act Finland Cultivation Treated as a narcotics offence, with severity according to the quantity. Possession Treated as a narcotics offence with severity according to the quantity. Sale Treated as a narcotics offence with severity according to the quantity. Greece Cultivation Prohibited by law 1729/87 (cultivation of any plant from which narcotic substances are produced) Possession May be treated as psilocin Sale May be treated as psilocin Hong Kong Cultivation, Possession & Sale Psilocybin is a controlled substance and the Hong Kong Narcotics Bureau considers psilocybin-containing mushrooms to be controlled under Schedule I, Part I, of the Dangerous Drug Ordinance. Ireland Cultivation Illegal if cultivated Possession Specifically prohibited under Misuse of Drugs Act Sale Specifically prohibited under Misuse of Drugs Act Italy Cultivation Specifically prohibited under art.26 of DPR 309/90 Possession Specifically listed under Table I of the amended drug law 2006. Sale Specifically listed under Table I of the amended drug law 2006. Japan Illegal as of June 2002, Narcotic and Psychotropic Drug Control Law. Latvia Cultivation Illegal under S. 256 of the Penal Code if a repeated offence Possession Treated as possession of a narcotic substance Sale Treated as sale of a narcotic substance Lithuania Cultivation Illegal under Art. 265 of the Penal Code: Cultivating large amount of poppies, cannabis or any other plants included in the list of narcotic or psychotropic substances is prohibited. Possession No specific prohibition. IlIegal under Art. 44 Code of Administrative Offences. Illegal under Art. 259/260 of the Penal Code; Treated as possession of a narcotic or psychotropic substances. Sale No specific prohibition. Illegal under Art. 260 of the Penal Code; Treated as sale of a narcotic or psychotropic substance. Luxembourg Cultivation Treated as psilocybin/ psilocin Possession Treated as psilocybin/ psilocin Sale Treated as psilocybin/ psilocin Hungary Cultivation Illegal under Art. 282 of the Penal Code, treated as psilocin. Possession Illegal under Art. 282 of the Penal Code, treated as psilocin. Sale Illegal under Art. 282/A of the Penal Code, treated as psilocin. Mexico Cultivation Psilocin and psilocybin are prohibited under the Ley General de Salud of 1984. Presumably, this also prohibits production. Wild occurence of does not constitute production. Possession Prohibited, but rarely enforced against indigenous populations. Sale Presumably prohibited. Netherlands Cultivation Not controlled Possession Only prepared mushrooms are specifically prohibited under the Opium Act. Sale Only prepared mushrooms are specifically prohibited under the Opium Act. Norway Cultivation Prohibited according to the Regulation regarding Narcotics etc. Possession Prohibited according to the Regulation regarding Narcotics etc. Sale Prohibited according to the Regulation regarding Narcotics etc. Poland Cultivation Specifically prohibited under the Act on Countering Drug Addiction Possession Specifically prohibited under the Act on Countering Drug Addiction Sale Specifically prohibited under the Act on Countering Drug Addiction Portugal Cultivation Treated as psilocin Possession Treated as psilocin Sale Treated as psilocin Slovenia Cultivation Treated as psilocin. Possession Treated as psilocin. Sale Treated as psilocin. Slovakia Cultivation Little experience - may be treated as psilocin. Large quantities may be “preparation” of a drug trafficking offence (same sentence as an offence actually committed). Possession Little experience - may be treated as psilocin. Large quantities may be “preparation” of a drug trafficking offence (same sentence as an offence actually committed). Sale Little experience - may be treated as psilocin. Large quantities may be “preparation” of a drug trafficking offence (same sentence as an offence actually committed). Sweden Cultivation According to the Ordinance on the Control of Narcotic Drugs (1992:1554) those parts of the fungi Psilocybe semilanceata and Psilocybe cubensis growing above ground shall be considered to be narcotic drugs for the purposes of the Narcotic Drugs Punishments Act (1968:64). The same shall be the case for other fungi containing psilocybin or psilocin, if the fungi have been cultivated or if they have been dried or prepared in other ways. Cultivation of narcotic drugs is punishable according to the Narcotic Drugs Punishments Act (1968:64). Possession According to the Ordinance on the Control of Narcotic Drugs (1992:1554) those parts of the fungi Psilocybe semilanceata and Psilocybe cubensis growing above ground shall be considered to be narcotic drugs for the purposes of the Narcotic Drugs Punishments Act (1968:64). The same shall be the case for other fungi containing psilocybin or psilocin, if the fungi have been cultivated or if they have been dried or prepared in other ways. Sale According to the Ordinance on the Control of Narcotic Drugs (1992:1554) those parts of the fungi Psilocybe semilanceata and Psilocybe cubensis growing above ground shall be considered to be narcotic drugs for the purposes of the Narcotic Drugs Punishments Act (1968:64). The same shall be the case for other fungi containing psilocybin or psilocin, if the fungi have been cultivated or if they have been dried or prepared in other ways. United Kingdom Cultivation Prohibited by section 21 of the Drugs Act 2005. Possession Prohibited by section 21 of the Drugs Act 2005. (Illegal whatever form they are in, whether raw or prepared, including when packaged for sale.) Sale Prohibited by section 21 of the Drugs Act 2005. (Illegal whatever form they are in, whether raw or prepared, including when packaged for sale.) United States of America Cultivation Illegal in all states except New Mexico, where the appeals court ruled, on June 15, 2005, that cultivating psilocybin mushrooms for personal use is not manufacture of a controlled substance. Possession Psilocybin and psilocin are DEA Schedule I substances, so possession is illegal under federal law, except in Florida, where the Supreme Court ruled in 1978 that possession of wild specimens is not illegal. Intent to consume was not addressed. Possession of spores is illegal in Georgia, Idaho and California (for California, only if imported from outside the state and intented for cultivation). Researchers and their subjects are granted exemption subject to scrutiny by the Drugs Enforcement Administration. Sale Sale is illegal. [top]More magic mushroom sectionsMushroom & Psilocybin Experiences Post & read some of the most profound experiences with magic mushrooms and psilocybin. Panaeolus Cyanescens Experiences Psilocybe Azurescens Experiences Psilocybe McKennaii Experiences Psilocybe Mexicana & Psilocybe Tampanensis Experiences Psilocybe Semilanceata Experiences Bad Trip Experiences Read about negative experiences and get some helpful advice on how to avoid them. Magic Mushroom Documents Upload and read research & articles on magic mushrooms. Magic Mushroom Forum Post and read about magic mushrooms Magic Mushroom Image Gallery Post and view pictures of mushrooms. [top]Drug Price CalculatorView the price, quality and availability of magic mushrooms worldwide Submit the price of magic mushrooms in your area [top]The latest magic mushroom threads
[top]References1. Inocybe aeruginascens Babos Museo Civico di Roverto 2. Aeruginascin, a Trimethylammonium Analogue of Psilocybin from the Hallucinogenic Mushroom Inocybe aeruginascens Niels Jensen, Jochen Gartz, Hartmut Laatsch 3. Variation of the Amount of Alkaloids in Fruit Bodies of Inocybe aeruginascens. Jochen Gartz 4. Erowid Mushrooms vault 5. Erowid Psilocybin vault 6. Wikipedia Psilocybin mushrooms (History) 7. Stainblue Dr. Albert Hoffman 8. Safety First Psilocybin ("The Risks") 9. Brown University Health Education: Psilocybin 10. The Good Drugs Guide 11. "Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behaviour in humans." Wittmann M, Carter O, Hasler F, Cahn BR, Grimberg U, Spring P, Hell D, Flohr H, Vollenweider FX. J Psychopharmacol. 2006 12. Cluster Busters Hallucinogenic Treatment of Neuro-Vascular Headaches 13. International Narcotics Control Board List of psychotropic substances under international control 14. Wikipedia Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms 15. "Cross tolerance between mescaline and LSD-25, with a comparison of the mescaline and LSD reactions". Wolbach AB Jr, Isbell H, Miner EJ (1962) Psychopharmacologia 3: 1-14 16. Mykoweb Hypholoma fasciculare 17. Spritus Temporis Psilocybin pharmacology 18. Alexander and Ann Shulgin Synthesis of Psilocybin 19. LD50s & Material Safey Data Sheets Erowid 20. Psilocybin Awareness Berkeley.edu 21. http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/ Enter psilocybin and click on Toxicity. 22. Mail Online Magic mushrooms could help depression, say scientists 23. MSNBC Magic mushrooms ease OCD symptoms 24. Manchester Evening News Death leap man ate magic mushrooms 25. The Independent How tragedy led family to crusade for ban on magic mushrooms 26. BBC Netherlands bans magic mushrooms 27. MSNBC Netherlands bans magic mushrooms 28. Wikipedia Bad trip 29. HPPD 30. Wikipedia Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder Last edited by Coconut; 24-11-2008 at 18:55. Reason: Tidying up, adding more information. 
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#2
07-06-2008, 23:16
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Re: Magic (psilocybian) mushrooms - wiki entry
Please integrate this:
http://www.drugs-forum.com/mushrooms-use.html Please revise your statements on the combination with alcohol. Combination with cannabis is great for some and leads to paranoia for others. Cannabis adds confusion, which is great if someone enjoys to get fucked, but since magic mushrooms are a powerful psychedelic tool, that can stir up quite some feelings, insights and other psychological dynamics, confusion caused by cannabis can lead to bad trips. What other tryptamines are found in magic mushrooms? please add a section on drying magic mushrooms. Please add a complete list of psilocybe mushroom species. In a later stadium, there will be a need for dedicated threads for info about each specie. (for some info about the way I want to set this up, see  research chemical forum protocol & structure )Please take the coca, Ketamine and Dxm wiki's as a reference /example and check what elements and topics, yo0u can add to this article. Last edited by Alfa; 07-06-2008 at 23:59.
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#4
08-06-2008, 00:39
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Re: Magic (psilocybian) mushrooms - wiki entry
Oohps; I was till adding stuff when you postyed. Here are my remarks:
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#5
20-06-2008, 00:22
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Re: Magic mushrooms - wiki entry (under construction)
I have taken your advice on board Alfa and I'm grateful for your help. Hopefully the article will soon be considered complete enough for inclusion in the wiki.
I searched for the thread on mushrooms being banned in Austria but came up empty handed apart from this. Could you point me in the right direction? Thanks.
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#6
21-06-2008, 00:35
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Re: Magic mushrooms - wiki entry (under construction)
great guide so far. especially for someone fresh to mushrooms, or even someone looking for a good combination.
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#7
21-06-2008, 04:51
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Re: Magic mushrooms - wiki entry (under construction)
Is aeruginascin relevant enough to mention in pharmacology?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17269094?ordinalpos=2&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez. Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16673333?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez. Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum If possible, please provide references. This is especially important in the dangers section, as it will force you to stick to verified facts and limit speculation and unverifiable opinions. An example (please take this as constructive criticism, as this is what I'm attempting to do): Quote:
Quote:
If not mentioned elsewhere in the article, here would also be the place to include information about deaths indirectly caused by magic mushrooms, e.g. by delusions or bad trips. Try to stick to known cases, be concise and as neutral as possible. I hope this helps.
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#9
02-07-2008, 12:54
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Re: Magic (psilocybian) mushrooms - wiki entry
I think the article is coming along well. Any idea when it can be considered ready for transplantation to the wiki? Obviously it will need to be updated and improved as time goes on.
Quote:
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